Call For Paper November - 2023
Submit Online
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (IJSSRD) > Volume 5, Issue 2, July-December 2023 View PDF HTML
MIGRATION AND REMIGRATION OF MIGRANT WORKERS - IMPACT OF COVID-19
Vaddadi Madhusudhana Rao 1 ; V. Vijay Lakshmi 22 Professor, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar College of Law, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530003, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Article Id - IJSSRD_05_02_002, Pages : 26-37, Date of Publication : 10, August 2023
Google Scholar Link
Academia Link
Scopedatabase Link : https://sdbindex.com/Document/document_search?title=MIGRATION AND REMIGRATION OF MIGRANT WORKERS - IMPACT OF COVID-19&type=1
Abstract
Migration is the movement of people away from their usual place of residence, across either internal areas within the country or international places across the globe. Whereas, remigration is a special type of outmigration or emigration in which an international immigrant or interprovincial migrant migrates to a place different than that of birth or last permanent residence. In this context this study highlighted the involuntary and forced nature of reverse migration due to the sudden lockdown with Covid-19 Pandemic, lack of preparedness and planning among the government, the irresponsible behaviour of the employers and social hostility against the migrants. Lack of migrant data and registration in welfare schemes excluded most of them from the relief package benefits. The COVID-19 crisis has magnified several pre-existing problems faced by the migrant communities which led them to suffer invariably at different stages of their reverse migration. This crisis, therefore, should be used as an opportunity to bring positive measures and requires strong political will to implement them. The effective reintegration of the internal and international migrants in the post-COVID economy is an important policy issue which would entail collecting latest data, job creation which matches their skill set, inclusion in welfare schemes, portability of social security benefits taking into consideration the mobile nature of migrant communities. The Indian Community Welfare Fund should be mobilized not only in times of crisis but also in reducing the migration costs for international migrants. For better policy making, government must integrate with the civil society which has good outreach with the migrant communities at the grass root level.
Keywords
Migration, Remigration, Migrant Workers, Covid-19
Share and Cite:
References
[1] Census (2011). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner. Ministry of Home Affairs.
[2] De (2019). Internal migration in India grows, but inter-state movements remain low. World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/peoplemove/internal-migration-indiagrows-inter-state-movements-remain-low.
[3] UNDESA (2020). International migration 2020 highlights. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/desa/international-migration-2020-highlights.
[4] Sharma, K. (2017). India has 139 million internal migrants. They must not be forgotten. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/10/india-has-139million-internal-migrants-we-must-not-forget-them/.
[5] Kamal (2018). Inter-state migration: Why migrant workers must be a part of India’s development story. Swarajya. https://swarajyamag.com/ideas/inter-state-migration-whymigrant-workers-must-be-a-part-of-indias-development-story.
[6] Ministry of External Affairs (2021). Number of Indian workers in gulf and emigration check required (ECR) countries. Government of India. Retrieved from https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/arebic/ru2653_00.pdf.
[7] According to Emigration Act, 1983 “person whose educational qualification is below matric (10th class) are categorized as ECR passport holders”. They have to obtain an “Emigration clearance” from the concerned office of Protector of Emigrants (POE) before travelling to any of the 18 ECR countries which includes the GCC countries.
[8] International Organisation for Migration (2020). World Migration Report 2020. UN Migration. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/wmr_2020.pdf.
[9] Sasikumar, S. K. & Thimothy, R. (2015). From India to the Gulf region: Exploring links between labour markets, skills and the migration cycle. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH & International Labour Organisation. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---sronew_ delhi/documents/publication/wcms_397363.pdf.
[10] Karan, A. K. & Selvaraj, S. (2008). Trends in wages and earnings in India: Increasing wage differentials in a segmented labour market (ILO Asia-Pacific Working Paper Series). ILO. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---robangkok/documents/publication/wcms_098852.pdf.
[11] GIZ and ILO (2015). Labour market trends analysis and labour migration from South Asia to Gulf Cooperation Council countries, India and Malaysia. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and International Labour Organization. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/--migrant/documents/publication/wcms_378239.pdf.
[12] Rajan, S. I., & Zachariah, K. C. (2020). New Evidences from the Kerala Migration Survey, 2018. Economic and Political Weekly, 55(4). https://www.epw.in/journal/2020/4/special-articles/new-evidences-kerala-migrationsurvey-2018.html.
[13] Srivastava, R. (2013). Impact of internal migration in India. Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University. Retrieved from http://www.rmmru.org/newsite/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/workingpaper41.pdf.
[14] Order No. 40-3/2020-DM-I (A), Ministry of Home Affairs, May 1, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/covid19/notifications/IND_Special_Trains_May_1.jpeg.
[15] “Indian Railways operationalizes 4197 “Shramik Special” trains till 3rd June, 2020 (0900hrs) across the country and transports more than 58 lacs passengers to their home states through “Shramik Special” trains since May 1”, Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Railways, June-3, https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1629043.
[16] Mishra A, Sayeed N (2020) Covid-19 and migrant workers: clinical psychologists’ viewpoints. L. S. S. Manickam (Ed.), COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and responses of psychologists from India. The Editor, Thiruvananthapuram, p. 43–56
[17] Aragona M, et al. (2020) Negative impacts of Covid-19 lockdown on mental health service access and follow-up adherence for immigrants and individuals in socio-economic difficulties. Public Health 186:52–56
[18] Praveen Chature, Ekta Gupta (2020). Sanitation workers on COVID-19 front lines: How to save the warriors?. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/waste/sanitation-workers-oncovid-19-front-lines-how-to-save-the-warriors--71640
Indexing
Scope Database
Scope Database Source Link : https://sdbindex.com/Sourceid/00000031
Our IAEME Publication journals are indexed in various indexing search engines
- Scope Database (www.sdbindex.com)
- Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com)
- ResearchGate (https://www.researchgate.net/)
- Academia (https://www.academia.edu/)
- Indian Citation Index (ICI) (http://www.indiancitationindex.com/)
- Advanced Science Index (https://journal-index.org/)
- ResearchBib (https://www.researchbib.com/)
- Semantic Scholar
- ERIC (Education Resources Information Center)
- ProQuest
- EconLit
- ASEAN Citation Index (ACI)
- BASE
- ebsco
- PubMed
- I2OR
- International Scientific Indexing(ISI)
- Cosmos Impact Factor
- Open Academic Journals Index
- Mendeley
- Science Gate
- Crossref
Aim and Scope
International Journal of Social Sciences Research and Development (IJSSRD) is an open access, peer-reviewed and refereed journal. The main objective of Journal is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. Journal aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in humanities and social science and become the leading journal in humanities and social science in the world. Journal publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes, and book reviews.
Chief Editor
Dr. K.K.Ramachandran - Dr. GRD College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, India, India
Editorial Board
Dr. Muhammad Faizal Bin A. Ghani - Associate Professor, Department of Educational Management, Planning and Policy, Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, Malayasia
Dr. Thomas Babalis - Professor, Faculty of Primary Education, University of Athens, Greece
Dr. M.Thamilarasan - Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Madras, Chennai, India
Dr. Beck Helarius - Professor, Centre for Community Organisation and Development Practice, School of Social Work - Mumbai Campus, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, India
Dr. Santosh Panda - Professor, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
Dr. Syed Sajid Hussain Shah Kazmi - Professor, Middlesex University Business School, London United Kingdom
Dr. Rajalaxmi Kamath - Associate, Department of Public Policy, Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, India
Dr. Jill Duerr Berrick - Professor, School of Social Welfare, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
Dr. Barbara Fawcett - Professor, Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
Dr. G. Nagaraju - Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
Dr. Ramesh Makwana - Professor, Department of Sociology, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh, India
Dr. Emmanuel Hans - Assistant Professor, Desh Bhagat University, Punjab, India
Dr. Hanumanthappa - Assistant Professor, Political science, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi, Karnataka, India, Email ID: hanumanthappadge@rcub.ac.in
For Authors
Paper title (14 Bold)- Capital Letter
First Author1, Second Author2 (13 Bold- Times New Roman)
1(Department, College/ University Name, Address, Country Name, Email) (12)
2(Department, College/ University Name, Address, Country Name, Email) (12)
ABSTRACT (12 Bold)
The abstract should summarize the content of the paper. Try to keep the abstract below 350 words. Do not make references nor display equations in the abstract. The journal will be printed from the same-sized copy prepared by you. Your manuscript should be printed on A4 paper (21.0 cm x 29.7 cm). It is imperative that the margins and style described below be adhered to carefully. This will enable us to keep uniformity in the final printed copies of the Journal. Please keep in mind that the manuscript you prepare will be photographed and printed as it is received. Readability of copy is of paramount importance.(12)
Keywords (12 Bold) : About five key words in alphabetical order, separated by comma (12)
I. INTRODUCTION (12 BOLD)
The introduction of the paper should explain the nature of the problem, previous work, purpose, and the contribution of the paper. The contents of each section may be provided to understand easily about the paper. (12)
II. HEADINGS (12 BOLD)
The headings and subheadings, starting with "1. Introduction", appear in upper and lower case letters and should be set in bold and aligned flush left. All headings from the Introduction to Acknowledgements are numbered sequentially using 1, 2, 3, etc. Subheadings are numbered 1.1, 1.2, etc. If a subsection must be further divided, the numbers 1.1.1, 1.1.2, etc.
The font size for heading is 12 points bold face and subsections with 12 points and not bold. Do not underline any of the headings, or add dashes, colons, etc. (12)
III. INDENTATIONS AND EQUATIONS(12 BOLD)
The first paragraph under each heading or subheading should be flush left, and subsequent paragraphs should have a five-space indentation. A colon is inserted before an equation is presented, but there is no punctuation following the equation. All equations are numbered and referred to in the text solely by a number enclosed in a round bracket (i.e., (3) reads as "equation 3"). Ensure that any miscellaneous numbering system you use in your paper cannot be confused with a reference [4] or an equation (3) designation. (12)
IV. FIGURES AND TABLES(12 BOLD)
To ensure a high-quality product, diagrams and lettering MUST be either computerdrafted or drawn using India ink.
Figure captions appear below the figure, are flush left, and are in lower case letters.When referring to a figure in the body of the text, the abbreviation "Fig." is used. Figures should be numbered in the order they appear in the text.
Table captions appear centered above the table in upper and lower case letters. When referring to a table in the text, no abbreviation is used and "Table" is capitalized. (12). Figures and tables should be included in the running text itself
V. CONCLUSION (12 BOLD)
A conclusion section must be included and should indicate clearly the advantages, limitations, and possible applications of the paper. Although a conclusion may review the main points of the paper, do not replicate the abstract as the conclusion. A conclusion might elaborate on the importance of the work or suggest applications and extentions. (12)
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS(12 Bold)
An acknowledgement section may be presented after the conclusion, if desired.( 12)
REFERENCES (12 BOLD)
This heading is not assigned a number.
A reference list MUST be included using the following information as a guide. Only cited text references are included. Each reference is referred to in the text by a number enclosed in a square bracket (i.e., [3]). References must be numbered and ordered according to where they are first mentioned in the paper, NOT alphabetically.
Examples follow:
ournal Papers:
[1] M Ozaki, Y. Adachi, Y. Iwahori, and N. Ishii, Application of fuzzy theory to writer recognition of Chinese characters, International Journal of Modelling and Simulation, 18(2), 1998, 112-116. (12)
Books:
[2] R.E. Moore, Interval analysis (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1966). (12) Note that the title of the book is in lower case letters and italicized. There is no comma following the title. Place of publication and publisher are given.
Chapters in Books:
[3] P.O. Bishop, Neurophysiology of binocular vision, in J.Houseman (Ed.), Handbook of physiology, 4 (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1970) 342-366. (12) Note that the place of publication, publisher, and year of publication are enclosed in brackets. Editor of book is listed before book title.
Theses:
[4] D.S. Chan, Theory and implementation of multidimensional discrete systems for signal processing, doctoral diss., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1978. (12)
Proceedings Papers:
[5] W.J. Book, Modelling design and control of flexible manipulator arms: A tutorial review, Proc. 29th IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control, San Francisco, CA, 1990, 500-506 (12)
IAEME Publication Fees
IAEME Publication charges an Article Processing Charge (APC) once an article is accepted for publication. These charges cover the costs of turning a manuscript into a finished article, as well as the costs of hosting, distributing and promoting an article.
Article Processing Charges explained
We are committed to making the costs of publishing as clear as possible and so the charges for each journal are clearly displayed on each journal`s homepage.
When a manuscript is submitted, it passes through the many different departments at Hindawi to ensure the quality checks, peer review, production and promotion of articles is carried out in a timely manner and to a high standard:
✔ The Editorial Screening team, who perform initial technical and ethical checks
✔ The Editorial team, who help the journal`s Academic Editors manage the review process
✔ The Production team, who convert the manuscript to a professionally typeset article and well-structured file format
✔ The Proofing team, who coordinate the proofing process through Hindawi`s Online Proofing System (OPS)
✔ The Editorial Quality Assurance team, who perform a final check to ensure that the manuscript and its review process adhere to the journal`s guidelines and policies
✔ Our Marketing and Communication teams, who ensure your article receives the attention it deserves.
✔ The Technology team, who build and maintain our systems, and develop new systems
The work these teams do contribute to the requirement of an APC and is why the actual amount payable varies depending on the journal in which you wish to publish your article.
IAEME Publication does not request Article Submission Charges, also called Submission Fees. These are due at the time of submission of the manuscript. Nor does IAEME charge per page or for color figures or for any other items for which other publishers are known to charge.
Sources for Article Processing Charges (APC)
Authors of an article are responsible for arranging the payment of APC. Still, that typically does not mean that authors end up paying for the publication of the article. The cost of APC is very often assumed either by the organization funding the research published in the article, or by an Open Access Publishing Fund, or by the institution at which the author is employed.
Fair Dealing - Authors and Publisher
When an author submits a manuscript for review at one of IAEME`s journals, the submitted manuscript should not have been previously published in any form and must not be currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. The manuscript should also not be submitted to any other journal during the review process at IAEME Publication. In case the review process at IAEME takes much longer than stated and the author wishes to end the review process at IAEME, he/she should get in contact with the Editorial Assistant of the journal at IAEME and come to an agreement suitable for both sides after looking at the stage of the manuscript in the review process.
With the APC specified above, the author is given an indication what the APC will be. IAEME is charging Publication Fees (APC) but not Submission Fees. This is to the benefit to authors because payments are only due once the author knows the manuscript is accepted. IAEME with editors and reviewers puts much effort in dealing with the manuscript and expects the authors to stick to the common plan of publishing the paper which is linked to payments of APC as given above at the end of the review process. The author is not legally bound at this time, but it would be seen as a strong breach of academic conduct to back off from the publication process. Once the manuscript is accepted for publication, IAEME will issue an invoice in the Paper Submission and Manuscript Tracking System. This is IAEME `s legal offer and will state the regular APC of the journal. The Corresponding Author is expected to arrange payments of the amount stated at this time. In severe cases IAEME `s Complaints Procedure can be followed and the result of this should be binding to the author.
Refund Policy
Once an article has been accepted for publication, any Article Processing Charges on the article become due. The submitting author accepts responsibility for the Article Processing Charges, and will not issue refunds of any kind except those payments made by mistake or in excess of the amount required.
The topics to be covered by this journal include but are not limited to the following fields:
| • Anthropology • Social Policy • Criminology • Social Work • Economics • Sociology • Education |
• Geography • History • Law • Linguistics • Political Science • Psychology • Human Geography |